Statistics of Indian Research : Two sides of the same Coin

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Background:

India is a democratic and second largest populous country in the world with rapidly expanding economy and scientific production at an impressive rate. India has started the 21st Century well behind Russia, France, Italy and Canada, this needs empowerment and advancements in technology and scientific endeavours. In terms of yearly publications India leads all these countries by healthy margins and now its about to reach Japan. Despite of these gains, Indian publications generate fewer citations on an average when compared to emerging countries like China and Brazil. The brighter spots include several world class centres for science, education and technology investing sufficient funds in Research & Development (R&D). More women almost 14% are participating in science in India heading towards the global progress. 

Top 10 Elite research institutions in India:

1. Punjab University -Chandigarh
2. Tata Institute of Fundamental Research - Mumbai
3. Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science - Kolkata
4. CSIR Chemistry and Physics - 5 locations
5. Indian Institute of Technology - Mumbai
6. Indian Institute of Science - Bengaluru
7. Indian Institute of Technology - Guwahati
8. CSIR industry and standards - 12 locations
9. Indian Institute of Technology - Kharagpur 
10. Indian Institute of Technology - Chennai

This image is copied from Nature - News Feature; the author of this blog is not responsible for incorrect geographical map of India

Investments in Research and Development: 

India is Asia's second largest country, but has very few scientists; as many Indian born researchers leave for higher positions in abroad and very very few foreign scientists settle in India. The country invests adequate economy in Research & Development and produces relatively very less patents per capita compared to other nations. China's research spending has shot up to almost 2% of its GDP, India languishes around 0.9% and lags behind Brazil and Russia. India spends 171 thousand US $ per researcher, and the United states tops with 342 thousand US$, Pakistan at the bottom with 58 thousand US $. Countries like Hungary, Spain, UK are behind India where as China, Brazil, South Korea, France, Japan, Italy, Germany are beyond. 

Publications and Patents: 

Since 2000, though India has quadrupled its scholarly output the impact remained very low, nearly 30% of the world's average. India is one of the world's leading filters of patents but registers few applications till date. 17 domestic and foreign patent applications are filed in 2013 per 1 million people, whereas South Korea filed 4,451 applications. India lacks behind and has only 2,00,000 full-time researchers i.e.; 1 researcher per 10,000 labour force and ranks behind Chile and Kenya. This is because 40% of Indian researchers settle in abroad for higher positions.

Reference: http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v521/n7551/

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Regards,

Deepak Kumar Bandari,

Pharm.D Intern,

Vaagdevi College of Pharmacy - India

Elsevier Student Ambassador - South Asia

Dream to Foreign Land : A Glimpse on Present situation

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Doctor of Pharmacy (Pharm.D) is the most sophisticated and professional doctoral degree in pharmacy and pharmacists ranks as the most trusted healthcare professionals in today's society. This clinical degree has a main objective of serving the healthcare system for better patient care through evidence based medicine. Pharmacists play a major role in health promotion and manages the resources of health care system in co-operation with the health care team and delivers the health and family welfare services in existing socio-economic, political and cultural environment.

It will be a dream for any pharmacy student to practice in highly developed countries like US, Canada, UK and Australia etc.; as they stands out in providing dignity and an handsome remuneration to the services offered. Pharmacy services are offered in diverse areas like Clinical pharmacy practice, Community pharmacy, Geriatric pharmacy, Governmental agencies, Home health care, Hospital pharmacy, Managed care, Pharmacoeconomics, Pharmacy education, Consulting, legal practice and drug information. Continuously, as the responsibility of the pharmacists is increasing this led to the new era of pharmacy profession, where the pharmacists are involved in rendering their services through various specializations like (only 20 are listed below out of 114)

1. Allergy and Immunology
2. Ambulatory medicine
3. Anaesthetics
4. Child and adolescent psychiatry and psychotherapy
5. Critical care medicine
6. Emergency and family Medicine
7. Health informatics
8. Interventional cardiology
9. Nephrology
10. Nuclear medicine
11. Occupational health
12. Oncology
13. Pediatrics
14. Physical and rehabilitation medicine
15. Public Health
16. Preventive medicine
17. Palliative care
18. Pharmacoeconomics
19. Pharmacogenomics
20. Pharmacy education and Health promotion

However, getting through the registration process is a laborious which requires tremendous efforts, sound knowledge on academics, relevant skills and financial support. The registration process is different for different countries.

Short view of registration process for US:

In case of United States, once the candidate meets the eligibility criteria required by the NABP, he/she needs to select a state where he/she desires to a registered pharmacist; and an application is to be drafted for FPGEE, which has to be qualified for FPGEC certification program. After application of FPGEE and Educational Credential Evaluation (ECE) evaluation is done, the NABP board scrutinizes all the documents submitted earlier and makes a decision in writing regarding the status of application. Then the candidate has to apply for the visa, followed by examination.  It takes 2-3 months for the results and the internship of at least 1500 hours is required. This also requires a Test of Spoken English (TSE) depending on the state. Then the NABP in accordance with the state pharmacy board issues an authorization to take NAPLEX.

Below is the list of licensure examinations for different countries in a quick view.

List of Abbreviations

Glimpse at present situation: It is known from private sources that 67 Pharm.D students from India have registered for FPGEE examination in the United States till now, out of which very few of them got qualified and none of them cleared NAPLEX to become a registered pharmacist. This may be due to the Pharm.D educational standards in India as they do not meet the standards of foreign pharmacy education. It is evident that many Indian M.Pharmacy and Ph.D candidates had cleared NAPLEX earlier and now practicing in respective countries. But the Pharm.D status always remained exclaimed.

" Right now the US is producing enough number of pharmacists to meet their healthcare demands in hospitals and retail pharmacies. There is unemployment for American Pharm D holders in the states of New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania and Maryland. Job opportunities are not that good in other 45 states also. after undergoing all the laborious process mentioned above  then the candidate will receive the pharmacist license. Then, it is his turn to compete in the open market to get jobs. It is too difficult to get jobs in hospitals in the US because they prefer their own graduates who are properly trained for therapeutic drug monitoring. Not only from India, but also from other countries the pharmacists come to US in search of jobs and compete with the local graduates. There are very few clinical and hospital pharmacy jobs for Indian Pharm D graduates in the US hospitals in the next 20 years,” - Says an Intern from American Speciality  Pharmacy, Texas, USA.

Reference:http://www.jyoungpharm.org/article/718

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Regards,

Deepak Kumar Bandari,

Pharm.D Intern,

Vaagdevi College of Pharmacy - India

Elsevier Student Ambassador - South Asia

Software to Analyze the Outcomes of Cancer Therapy : An Indian Innovation

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Facts about Cancer:

Cancer is one of the most leading causes of mortality in the world. There are more than 100 types of cancers affecting any part of the human body. According to the statistics of World Health Organization (WHO) in 2012, About 8.2 million people worldwide died from cancer, where 60% of world’s total new annual cases occur in Africa, Asia and Central and South America. About 70% of all cancer deaths occur in low and middle income countries. 

Worldwide, the 5 most common types of cancer that kill men are lung, stomach, liver, colorectal and oesophageal cancer; whereas in case of women it is breast, lung, stomach, colorectal and cervical. In many developing countries, cervical cancer is the most common cancer. Cancers of major public health relevance such as breast, cervical and colorectal cancer can be cured if detected early and treated adequately. More than 30% of cancer could be prevented, mainly by not using tobacco, having a healthy diet, being physically active and moderating the use of alcohol. In developing countries up to 20% of cancer deaths could be prevented by immunization against the infection of HBV and HPV.

Complexity of cancer treatment:

Treatment of cancer is very complex, and the outcome is dependant on various factors like ethnic background, socioeconomic, nutritional status and genetic variations. In developing countries like India, two other compounding factors are widely varying levels of awareness of cancer amongst our people, and economic constraints. Moreover, all these days we were dependent on the western guidelines and their protocols to treat the patients, where research is carried out in their population. All these highlights the urgency and need to collect data, conduct research and establish standard guidelines from the very own population, which is not an easy task. Collecting the data in a systematic and consistent way will help all those involved in care of cancer patients, to derive accurate and objective information on treatments that will yield optimal outcomes in the population, while at the same time being cost effective. 

From the literature available so far, it is a well known fact that Indian patients responds differently to different therapeutic regimens compared to rest of the world.

In this case it is important to track the outcomes of the therapeutic plans individually and carry out the clinical trials in India. 

All about Indian Innovation:

A software program named ‘OncoCollect’ was developed by Prof. Dr.Ramesh Nimmagadda, the Director of Medical Oncology at Apollo Hospitals, Chennai which is used to analyze the patient's data to show treatment outcomes. This software is equipped with drugs used in cancer treatment, and doctors can choose the regimen they are using. All other forms of cancer treatment are also covered in the software including surgery and radiotherapy which is flexible for all types of cancers and lymphomas except blood cancer. The physicians could then record responses seen, toxicity/side effects, survival periods and relapses.

This innovation is to gather as much data on as many cancers from as many patients as possible. “Apart from showing us treatment outcomes, it will also show us economic costs - both costs borne by the patient, as well as costs and efficacies of certain drugs used". The training on this software is freely provided by Dr. Ramesh Nimmagadda cancer foundation.

"Congratulations to the brilliant brains of India".

I'm thankful to Miss. Saila sri, Researcher - Medtrack, Cognizant Technology Solutions for sharing this information with us.

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Regards,

Deepak Kumar Bandari,

Pharm.D Intern,

Vaagdevi College of Pharmacy - India

Elsevier Student Ambassador - South Asia

Clerkship Versus Internship : Role of Pharm.D

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Main theme of this post: Today, I would like to discuss the main objectives of Clinical Clerkship and Internship; the duties and responsibilities of Doctor of Pharmacy (Pharm.D) students in ward round participation, the steps to deliver a better patient care and the expected outcomes of the clinical pharmacy services.

Pharmaceutical care:

Pharmacists are the important health care providers - drug experts; whose primary job is to interact with the health care team, interview and assess patients, make specific therapeutic recommendations, monitor patient response to drug therapy and provide an evidence based drug information for better pharmaceutical care. "Pharmaceutical care" is a broad-based, patient focused responsible provision of drug therapy to achieve definite and patient specific outcomes that improves the quality of life. The outcomes include:

• Cure of the disease
• Elimination or reduction of symptoms
• Slowing the disease process 
• Prevention of disease 

In order to achieve these patient specific outcomes a pharmacist needs an expert knowledge of therapeutics, strong communication skills, understanding abilities of the diseases, therapeutic planning skills, expertise in drug monitoring and basic knowledge in physical assessment. 

What is Clerkship??

"Clerkship is an organized, directed, post graduate training program in a defined area of pharmacy practice", which is to be carried out under the supervision of a well trained preceptors who have expertise knowledge in drug therapy and clinical skills for better patient care (Unfortunately, this is lacking in India). Clerkship aims to provide students with a practical and stimulating learning experience where they are given an opportunity to participate in ward rounds along with the health care team and provide a wide variety of clinical services.

Responsibilities of a clerkship student:

1. Ward round participation: 

The images below will give an outline on the duties of pharmacist in Ward round participation.

2. Optimization of drug therapy:

The optimization of drug therapy is achieved through proper Medication therapy management which improves the quality care of the patient through education and communication. This mainly focus on the medication related problems and their mismanagement; identification, assessment, monitoring and documentation of adverse events and to address the patient safety through proper analysis. Well established evidence based medicine and standard care guidelines helps in addressing these problems through therapeutic interventions. In case of patients suffering with chronic diseases like HIV, TB, hypertension, diabetes etc.; proper patient counseling through a well approached manner helps in improving their quality of life, which eventually requires medication adjustments, drug monitoring and proper follow-up.

3. Providing drug information :

This is a challenging task and requires proper knowledge on primary, secondary and tertiary resources that include standard drug references, textbooks, practice guidelines and scientific databases. A proper approach to the query, identification of the information lacking and fulfilling the gap with a proper evidence based guidelines is mandatory. The document and follow up of this service is to be carried out for providing better therapeutic care. The pharmacists need to provide information to all the health care professionals and sometimes even to the patient. This requires a better communication with the entire healthcare team. The follow up is carried out to access the satisfaction of the information seeker which is to be graded and documented.

4. Other activities:

The clerkship helps in developing and strengthening students’ pharmaceutical care skills through pharmacotherapy, hospital pharmacy and clinical pharmacy rotations which are to be assessed by the preceptors through assignments, case presentations, journal club presentations, group discussions through a proper grading approach. All the documentations are to be produced by the students during assessment where the preceptor will be evaluating each intervention through the evidence and correlating with the present diseased condition of the patient. This helps in establishing systematic evaluation procedures and standard documentation.

What is Internship??

Internship is a temporary period of supervised training that provides real world experience to gain the relevant knowledge and skills required to enter a particular career field. This period of internship will be usually funded by the respective education councils, where the pharmacists are expected to provide clinical services. The internship includes pre-ward rounds with nurses to gain proper knowledge on the disease state and history of the patient, followed by ward rounds with the physicians and health care team to discuss the present situation and recommend a standard therapeutic approach, followed by post ward rounds to monitor the patient and rule out medication errors. 

Internship can be performed in any of the clinical settings like ambulatory care, critical care, emergency medicine, interventional medicine, pharmacy management etc.; depending on the skills the pharmacist is expertized. An intern can also focus on the research activities provided on the feasibility and access with the health care team, this helps in updating the knowledge on the therapeutic guidelines for getting proper conclusions. Every clinical services provided and therapeutic intervention made through the internship is to be documented well in a standard format which helps in easy access to the data and for further evaluation.

Interventions made and documentations done in the absence of a well trained preceptor are invalid.

Message

This is the procedure I follow in my daily practice, any further suggestions are highly appreciated. I wish good luck to all my juniors and hope a change begins...

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Regards,

Deepak Kumar Bandari,

Pharm.D Intern,

Vaagdevi College of Pharmacy - India

Elsevier Student Ambassador - South Asia

Global Student Research : Make A Difference in Five Minutes

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"Your Contribution is very important to us"

You are well aware of the present situation and current global scenario of student research activities. Comparatively high income countries are more advanced in research than middle and low income countries.When it comes to student's research activities most of the developing and underdeveloped countries shows a rapid decline. This decline can be due to lack of knowledge, lack of research facilities, no proper funding, no research lab particular to their area of research and many more in their respective universities. In order to fulfill the research gaps and achieve advancements in the global scenario, there is an utmost need to address the problems.

Click Here For the Global Survey

How can we address the problems??
The world is so advanced with full of research activities and it is the need of the student to address their interests, overcome the problems and find solutions for a better career. When it comes to the global scenario such essentialities are to be addressed to the particular regulatory and global research authorities in order to fulfill the research gaps and provide better platform. 

  Click Here For the Global Survey

How can we achieve success??
Unless, the basic research interests of the students and their current knowledge on research activities are not well determined it will be difficult to find the loopholes and fulfill the research gaps. Once there is clear evidence on the knowledge aspects and the current scenario many relevant measures can be taken to fill the research gaps and raise the advancements in the global research.

 Click Here For the Global Survey

How to determine the knowledge and research gaps??

In order to determine the current knowledge and present scenario of student research activities, a group of researchers from various countries came forward and decided to launch a research on views, knowledge and perception of medical/pharmacy students on medical/clinical research by conducting a survey on "Medical/Pharmacy students’ views, knowledge and perception towards medical research and engaging in scholarly journal publications" in all the countries. So, we wish to take your contribution in this survey to strengthen the student research scholarly activities. Kindly, go through the link provided and report your valuable opinion. Please forward to your peers and encourage them to participate.

Click Here For the Global Survey

Who can participate in this survey??

All Pharmacy (Diploma/Bachelor/Master/Doctor), Dental (UG & PG) and Medical (UG & PG) students all over the world are welcome to fill out the survey.

Message from the researchers... Indeed, it is our immense pleasure to welcome your participation. Your contribution is very important to us and this will not go in vain despite it strengthens the student research scholarly activities.

Thanking you in anticipation.

Click Here For the Global Survey

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Regards,

Deepak Kumar Bandari,

Pharm.D Intern,

Vaagdevi College of Pharmacy - India

Elsevier Student Ambassador - South Asia

Continuing Education : Center for Disease Control and Prevention

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Today, I would like to discuss one of the important issues of Global Public health.  As we already know that Public Health is the art and science that deals with the prevention and control of diseases along with health promotion through standard strategies for better living, there is a need for all the under-developed, developing, Middle and Low income countries to concentrate much on the public health standards to improve the healthy living of the population.

Background: 

It is a well known fact that the United States is one of the most sophisticated countries in research and health promotion, that remains at the forefront of public health efforts to prevent and control infectious and chronic diseases, injuries, workplace hazards, disabilities, and environmental health threats. 

Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)  is one of the major operating components of the Department of Health and Human Services and is recognized as the United States premiere health promotion, prevention, and preparedness agencies since 1946. It is globally recognized for conducting research and investigations for its action-oriented approach. The Center for Disease Control and Prevention - Public Health Grand Rounds (PHGR) presents a Continuing Education programme on major public health issues every month. Each session focuses on key challenges related to a specific health topic, and explores the impact of interventions on global health.

What is Continuing Education?? 

Continuing Education is a specific learning activity to encourage professionals to expand their foundations of knowledge and stay up-to-date on new developments. This is also characterized by the issuance of a certificate with credential units know as Continuing Education Units (CEU). These credentials are different for different professions as they are issued by their respective boards. For example, in case of Pharmacy these are issued by Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education (ACPE) and the points are considered as Continuing Pharmacy Education (CPE) units. In case of medical professionals these are issued by Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education (ACCME) and the points are considered as Continuing Medical Education (CME) units. These units adds as credentials for all the healthcare professionals for their career growth or sometimes course completion. This system is followed in United States and parts of Canada. The education system in India need to be updated to achieve such standards.

About the Programme:

The Center for Disease Control and Prevention Public Health Grand Rounds (PHGR) presents a Continuing Education programme on “Dengue and Chikungunya in Our Backyard: Preventing Aedes Mosquito-Borne Diseases” this month on 19 May, 2015 at 10.30pm - Indian Standard Time (IST). This session will highlight the importance of preventing Aedes mosquito-borne diseases and the need for improved diagnostic, prevention and control measures, which describes the key measures of morbidity, mortality, Evidence based preventive interventions, identification of research gaps and strategies to achieve prevention goals of mosquito-borne diseases. For more details about the programme check out the link below:

"Programme Brochure"

Expected Outcomes:

As it is a knowledge-based activity, all the health care professionals (physicians, nurses, pharmacists) can update their knowledge on the various strategies and the evidence based practice on this particular theme. All the participants who have successfully completed the online seminar evaluation are then eligible to get awarded by  the CE certificates. This helps students and all practitioners in getting recognition for the update knowledge and their career growth as well.

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Regards,

Deepak Kumar Bandari,

Pharm.D Intern,

Vaagdevi College of Pharmacy - India

Elsevier Student Ambassador - South Asia

Fundamentals of Research : Elsevier Publishing Campus

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Dear Pharmacy Students, 

It is evident that there is a decline in the student scholarly research activities due lack knowledge on the fundamentals of research. We publish a couple of papers and feel like we know everything, unfortunately there exists fake journals, fake impact factors with no proper abstracting and indexing.. 

In this case it is important to know :

1. What is peer review?
2. What is Impact factor?
3. Difference between fake impact factor and a true impact factor?
4. Different Impact factors and which one to trust?
5. What are scholarly publications?
6. What is abstracting and Indexing?
7. What is the publishing process in scholarly publications?
8. How to draft a manuscript and how to submit it?
9. How to write a research proposal?
10. What is Bibliography and literature review?
11. What is plagiarism and various softwares available?

Get answered to 100's of questions like this...

Elsevier is the world's leading information resource provider offering a free online certified course with six different colleges to teach the fundamentals of research. Here are the different colleges:

1. College of Skills training
2. College of Big Ideas
3. College of Networking
4. College of Research solutions
5. College of Career planning
6. College of recommended Organizations.

"If you think you know everything then you know nothing"

Your role is changing. Researchers today need to secure funding, collaborate, share data, publish results, commercialize research and demonstrate impact. Early career researchers in particular are under significant pressures and Elsevier is committed to supporting you on you way to publishing a world class journal article or book and developing your career as a successful professional researcher.

"The Elsevier Publishing Campus" is an online platform offering free lectures, interactive training and professional advice. Perhaps you are interested in writing a journal article or submitting a book proposal; learning how to conduct peer review for a high impact journal; understanding research and publishing ethics or writing a successful grant application, whatever it may be we have the resources to help you achieve your goals.

Dedicated training takes time and effort on your part and we believe successful researchers should be recognized for this. For each interactive training module or online seminar that you complete, your work will be recognized with an awarded certificate from Elsevier.

Our hope is that you will also be inspired to contribute to this community. Perhaps you have an idea to share, a view on a specific trend or topic, or maybe you wish to leave a comment – We welcome all your participation.

Here is the official website:

Official Website

For more details:

Contact: Deepak Kumar Bandari

Elsevier Student Ambassador

E-mail : bdkphd@gmail.com

Elsevier Student Ambassador 2015 : Apply today

Elsevier Student Ambassador (ESA) programme is one of the most thriving programmes of Elsevier South Asia giving you the chance to become a liaison between Elsevier and your college/University. The mandate of this programme is to have student ambassadors from health sciences community across South Asia who can connect with each other and open gates to unexplored opportunities in their fields.

Joining this programme empowers you to connect with your fellow ESAs across the South Asia, get access to the latest from Elsevier Information repository, and be a part of the team that will help in redefining the health care education in South Asia.

As a student ambassador, you will get many opportunities to upgrade your skills, connect with your peers and be the face of Elsevier. You would get an exclusive chance to become expert reviewers of Elsevier and also an opportunity to author with it. You would get to attend significant CMEs, author events, product launch events, conferences, group discussions etc., apart from having free trials of the rich Elsevier products once you are chosen as the ESA. And much more..

How to apply : "Become an ESA"

This will direct you to the facebook page of Elsevier
1) Register by entering your details
2) Login with your email id
3) Read the terms and conditions
4) Be a part of the quiz competition and answer 30 questions in 15 minutes and submit
5) Submit an Essay regarding the topic mentioned
6) Wait for the telephonic Interview

Official Website: "Elsevier India"

How to Use SPSS: Choosing the Appropriate Statistical Test

SPSS is a widely used software package for Statistical Analysis in Social Sciences, which makes data analysis, documentation and management easy. It is an user friendly tool for statistics including Descriptive statistics (Cross tabulation and frequency), Bivariate Statistics (Means, t-test, ANOVA and Correlation), Prediction for numerical outcomes (Linear regression), Prediction for numerical outcomes (Factor and Cluster analysis). 

This video is from Rocky Mountain University of Health Professions which gives us a clear description of How to Use SPSS by choosing the appropriate Statistical Test. 

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How to Use EndNote in Just 7 minutes

EndNote sponsored by Thomson Reuters is a powerful and standard software tool to manage Bibliographies, Citations and References. More than just a Reference Manager with 6000+ formats and can be applied while you write in MS - Word.

This video is from the official website of Thomson Reuters and will help us learn using of EndNote in 7 minutes.

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Scope for Pharm.D : A Global Perspective

Are you sick of Pharm. D??

Are you worried of your profession and career opportunities??

Are you frustrated with no proper evidences that support your career growth??

Here is the answer... 

The world's need for and supply of health professionals is in flux. The latest article in our Global Health Series reviews the supply of and demand for physicians, healthcare professionals and nurses around the world.

Researchers from UK has divided the world into 4 areas for their study and the detailed global data is diagrammatically represented

A. Southeast Asia.

B. Sub-Saharan Africa.

C. Middle East.

D. Western Pacific.

Several interesting facts were revealed in the study : It is estimated that 57 poor countries are facing a severe crisis with insufficient human resources to meet minimum needs and there is a need of 27.3 million healthcare professionals globally where Indian status is totally dense and there are only 1.6 ratio of health care professionals to 1000 population.

Here is the gap to be filled by the pharma doctors and only a teamwork can bring the success... Cheer up with a smile and go ahead..

Courtesy: New England Journal of Medicine, Vol: 370, Issue: 10, Published on March 6, 2014

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Scope for Pharm.D in India

Presenting a specimen regarding the Various specializations, Scientific databases, Central Organizations, Digital Library projects and Public Health Issues in India and its importance for a Pharm.D student.

The Public health issues and Scientific databases focusing on the Evidence Based Medicine incorporates its importance in all the available specializations that would lead a better path to the upcoming Pharma Doctors.

For More details Contact : laxmideepak.pharma@gmail.com

*** All the details regarding the specimen will be uploaded soon... Stay tuned***

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Ebola Virus Disease - Story and Information Leaflet

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Copy Rights Reserved* Citation Mandatory

Copy Rights Reserved* Citation Mandatory

Know the story of Ebola- Its origin, spread and prevention 

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